{"id":4588,"date":"2023-02-07T18:37:12","date_gmt":"2023-02-07T15:07:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neweoil.com\/?p=4588"},"modified":"2023-02-07T18:37:12","modified_gmt":"2023-02-07T15:07:12","slug":"%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%b2%db%8c%d9%86-%da%86%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/neweoil.com\/en\/%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%b2%db%8c%d9%86-%da%86%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a(\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/h3>\n

\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a<\/h3>\n

https:\/\/neweoil.com\/\u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646-\u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a-\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644-\u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646-\u0648-\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647-\u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f<\/a><\/h3>\n

<\/h3>\n

\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0647\u0647 1920 \u062a\u0627 1980 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Additive<\/i><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\nOctane Number <\/i><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Tetraethyl lead (TEL)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n100<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Methanol<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n107<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ethanol<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n108<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Methyl-t-butyl ether (MTBE)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n116<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ethyl-t-butyl ether (ETBE)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n118<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u062f: \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 <\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u0628\u0634 \u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u06a9 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u06cc\u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u0642\u0647 \u0632\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0627\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0622\u0645\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0647\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0637 \u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0631\u0628\u0646\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0647\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0628\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u06af\u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0646 (\u06cc\u0639\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647 ) \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0647\u0647 1920\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f. <\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Tetraethylead (TEL) \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u062f. \u0686\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0641. \u06a9\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06af (\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639)\u00a0<\/span><\/strong> \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1916 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u062f (DELCO) \u0622\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. <\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Kettering \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644\u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0648\u0634\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0634\u062f. <\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0698\u0646\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u062a \u0633\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0632\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u06a9\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u062a\u06cc\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u062e\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0622\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u06a9\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0631\u062d \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u06a9\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u06cc\u06af\u0644\u06cc \u062c\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0631\u0646\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u067e\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0647 \u06a9\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u0631\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u06cc\u062c\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u06cc \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u06cc \u0648 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u06a9\u0648\u0628\u0634 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062f. \u06cc\u06a9 \u062e\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647\u060c Midgley \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u062a \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0698\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062f\u0627\u062f. \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0632 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc DELCO \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1919 \u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0636\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0632 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0648 Kettering \u0648 Midgley \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u06cc\u0626\u062a \u0645\u062f\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0646\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0632\u062f\u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0648\u067e\u0627\u067e \u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0634\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0627 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0639\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0644\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627 <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0644 (TEL) \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0647\u062f\u060c \u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. Kettering \u0648 Midgley \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0633\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0636\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1852 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u062f\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u0632 TEL – \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0632\u0627\u0631 – \u0645\u0646\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 25 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u062e\u062a. \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u062f. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634 \u06a9\u0631\u062f TEL \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0644 \u06cc\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06af\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0644\u060c \u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0631. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0632 DuPont \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u062f. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

DuPont \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u0642\u06cc\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631\u0647 \u0648 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u0632 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0631 DuPont\u060c \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u062f. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u06cc\u06a9 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 1300 \u067e\u0648\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0627 DuPont \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u06cc\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc TEL \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0647 1923 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1923\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0632 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u062e\u0634 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 GM Chemical Co \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a \u062f\u0648\u067e\u0648\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u0634\u062f. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 TEL \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0648\u067e\u0648\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u0646\u06cc\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0633\u06cc (\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 Esso\/Exxon) \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a \u062a\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0632 DuPont \u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u062c\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0644 \u06a9\u0644\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0647 TEL \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f. \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u0647\u0647 1920\u060c \u062f\u0648\u067e\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0648 \u062c\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 TEL \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0632 \u062c\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f TEL \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0647\u0631 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u06cc\u0646 50 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062c\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634 TEL \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a DuPont \u0648 Jersey \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u062f.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0647 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u060c TEL \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u0645\u0631\u06af \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 DuPont \u0648 Jersey Standard \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1924\u060c \u0686\u0647\u0644 \u0648 \u067e\u0646\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0648 \u0686\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0631\u06af \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f Bayway \u062c\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u06af \u0648 \u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u067e\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0648 \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u06cc\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u062e \u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0634 TEL \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1925 \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1926 \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u06cc TEL \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0646\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u06a9\u0627\u067e\u0648 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062f. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0648 \u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u062f (\u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0627 \u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0635\u062f\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u06af\u0627\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u062f\u0627\u062f). <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0644 \u0631\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0632 \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u062f\u0648\u067e\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0648 \u062c\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u062e\u062a \u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0641\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u062d\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 3 \u0633\u06cc \u0633\u06cc TEL \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0632\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0631 \u06af\u0627\u0644\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u06cc\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1926\u060c TEL \u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0648\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f. \u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc DuPont \u0645\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f. DuPont \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637 \u062f\u0647\u0647 1920 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 TEL \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0644\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u062c\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ethyl Corp. \u0648 DuPont \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 TEL \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631 TEL \u0631\u0627 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0646\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u062f. \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0633\u062a\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0637\u06cc \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a 3 \u062a\u0627 5 \u0633\u0646\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 “\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0644” \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0628 \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0642\u06cc\u0647 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0648\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a. <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0647\u0647 1930\u060c TEL \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0622\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc DuPont \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 TEL \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u062c\u0646\u06af \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u06cc\u0686 \u0645\u0634\u06a9\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0648\u067e\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a \u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1948 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f TEL \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062f.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 3 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u062f<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a https:\/\/neweoil.com\/\u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646-\u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a-\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644-\u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646-\u0648-\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647-\u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0647\u0647 1920 \u062a\u0627 1980 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.   Additive Octane Number Tetraethyl lead (TEL) 100 Methanol 107 […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1969,"featured_media":4607,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4588","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-1"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a(\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f) - \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u062a\u06cc NEWEOIL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/neweoil.com\/en\/\u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646-\u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a(\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f) - \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u062a\u06cc NEWEOIL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a \u0627\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a https:\/\/neweoil.com\/\u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646-\u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a-\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644-\u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646-\u0648-\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647-\u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 1 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0647\u0647 1920 \u062a\u0627 1980 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0634\u062f\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.   Additive Octane Number Tetraethyl lead (TEL) 100 Methanol 107 […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/neweoil.com\/en\/\u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646-\u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u062a\u06cc NEWEOIL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-02-07T15:07:12+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/neweoil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/\u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646-\u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2551\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1376\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"mojtaba jalali\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"mojtaba jalali\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"23 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/neweoil.com\/%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%b2%db%8c%d9%86-%da%86%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa2\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/neweoil.com\/%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%b2%db%8c%d9%86-%da%86%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa2\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"mojtaba jalali\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/neweoil.com\/#\/schema\/person\/7df6c6cc51b0f440e1ea44f078fc7521\"},\"headline\":\"\u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0686\u06cc\u0633\u062a(\u0641\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u06cc\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0686\u0647 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