{"id":5605,"date":"2024-07-02T11:41:41","date_gmt":"2024-07-02T07:11:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neweoil.com\/?p=5605"},"modified":"2024-07-02T11:41:41","modified_gmt":"2024-07-02T07:11:41","slug":"%da%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%b1%d8%af-%db%8c%d8%a7-sulfur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/neweoil.com\/en\/%da%af%d9%88%da%af%d8%b1%d8%af-%db%8c%d8%a7-sulfur\/","title":{"rendered":"\u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u06cc\u0627 sulfur"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Sulfur (S)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>,<strong> nonmetallic\u00a0chemical element\u00a0belonging to the\u00a0oxygen group\u00a0(Group 16 [VIa] of the periodic table), one of the most reactive of the elements. Pure sulfur is a tasteless, odourless, brittle\u00a0solid\u00a0that is pale yellow in colour, a poor conductor of\u00a0electricity, and insoluble in\u00a0water. It reacts with all metals except\u00a0gold\u00a0and\u00a0platinum, forming\u00a0sulfides; it also forms\u00a0compounds\u00a0with several nonmetallic elements. Millions of tons of sulfur are produced each year, mostly for the manufacture of\u00a0sulfuric acid, which is widely used in industry.In cosmic abundance, sulfur ranks ninth among the\u00a0elements, accounting for only one\u00a0atom\u00a0of every 20,000\u201330,000.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" data-placeholder=\"Translation\" aria-label=\"Translated text\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjjtL-1nYWHAxWZFRAIHTATBGUQ3ewLegQICxAU\"><span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"en\" style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong>To buy and order all kinds of sulfur produced in Iran and the countries of the Caspian Sea such as Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Russia, send a message or call to the following number on WhatsApp.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" data-placeholder=\"Translation\" aria-label=\"Translated text\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjjtL-1nYWHAxWZFRAIHTATBGUQ3ewLegQICxAU\"><span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"en\" style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong> 00989133314524 <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"ltr\" data-placeholder=\"Translation\" aria-label=\"Translated text\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjjtL-1nYWHAxWZFRAIHTATBGUQ3ewLegQICxAU\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong><span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"en\">Engineer Jalali<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"rtl\" data-placeholder=\"Translation\" aria-label=\"Translated text\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjjtL-1nYWHAxWZFRAIHTATBGUQ3ewLegQICxAU\"><strong><span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"fa\">\u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f (S)\u060c \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0698\u0646 (\u06af\u0631\u0648\u0647 16 [VIa] \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0628\u06cc)\u060c \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0634 \u067e\u0630\u06cc\u0631\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631. \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635 \u06cc\u06a9 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f \u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0632\u0647\u060c \u0628\u06cc \u0628\u0648 \u0648 \u0634\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0632\u0631\u062f \u06a9\u0645 \u0631\u0646\u06af\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0627\u06cc \u0636\u0639\u06cc\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u06cc\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632 \u0637\u0644\u0627 \u0648 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0627 \u0686\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0641\u0644\u0632\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" data-placeholder=\"Translation\" aria-label=\"Translated text\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjjtL-1nYWHAxWZFRAIHTATBGUQ3ewLegQICxAU\"><span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0632\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c\u0642\u0632\u0627\u0642\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c\u0627\u0632\u0628\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u067e \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong>00989133314524<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #333399;\"><strong>Engineer Jalali <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>Sulfur occurs in the uncombined state as well as in combination with other elements in rocks and minerals that are widely distributed, although it is classified among the minor\u00a0constituents\u00a0of\u00a0Earth\u2019s crust, in which its proportion is estimated to be between 0.03 and 0.06 percent. On the basis of the finding that certain\u00a0meteorites\u00a0contain about 12 percent sulfur, it has been suggested that deeper layers of Earth contain a much larger proportion.\u00a0Seawater\u00a0contains about 0.09 percent sulfur in the form of\u00a0sulfate. In underground deposits of very pure sulfur that are present in domelike geologic structures, the sulfur is believed to have been formed by the action of\u00a0bacteria\u00a0upon the\u00a0mineral\u00a0anhydrite, in which sulfur is combined with\u00a0oxygen\u00a0and\u00a0calcium. Deposits of sulfur in volcanic regions probably originated from gaseous\u00a0hydrogen sulfide\u00a0generated below the surface of Earth and transformed into sulfur by reaction with the oxygen in the air<\/p>\n<table class=\"md-element-table\">\n<caption><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>Element Properties<\/strong><\/span><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>atomic number<\/strong><\/span><\/th>\n<td><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>16<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>atomic weight<\/strong><\/span><\/th>\n<td><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>32.064<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>melting point<\/strong><\/span><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>rhombic<\/strong><\/span><\/th>\n<td><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>112.8 \u00b0C (235 \u00b0F)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>monoclinic<\/strong><\/span><\/th>\n<td><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>119 \u00b0C (246 \u00b0F)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>boiling point<\/strong><\/span><\/th>\n<td><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>444.6 \u00b0C (832 \u00b0F)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>density (at 20 \u00b0C [68 \u00b0F])<\/strong><\/span><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>rhombic<\/strong><\/span><\/th>\n<td><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>2.07 grams\/cm<sup>3<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>monoclinic<\/strong><\/span><\/th>\n<td><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>1.96 grams\/cm<sup>3<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>oxidation states<\/strong><\/span><\/th>\n<td><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>\u22122, +4, +6<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>electron configuration<\/strong><\/span><\/th>\n<td><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><strong>1<em>s<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>2<em>s<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>2<em>p<\/em><sup>6<\/sup>3<em>s<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>3<em>p<\/em><sup>4<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #666699;\">To buy and order all kinds of sulfur produced in Iran and the countries of the Caspian Sea such as Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Russia, send a message or call to the following number on WhatsApp.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #666699;\">00989133314524<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #666699;\">Engineer Jalali<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"rtl\" data-placeholder=\"Translation\" aria-label=\"Translated text\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjjtL-1nYWHAxWZFRAIHTATBGUQ3ewLegQICxAU\"><strong><span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"fa\">\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u06a9\u06cc\u0647\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u060c \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0631 20000 \u062a\u0627 30000 \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0648 \u0647\u0645\u0686\u0646\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0628\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u06af\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u06af\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u067e\u0631\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0686\u06a9 \u067e\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 0.03 \u062a\u0627 0.06 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f \u062a\u062e\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0632\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0627 \u06a9\u0647 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u06af \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 12 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0634\u0646\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0642 \u062a\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0622\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 0.09 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0634\u062a\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635 \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u200c\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u06af\u0646\u0628\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u06af\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0698\u0646 \u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0622\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0634\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0627\u0632\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u0686\u0634\u0645\u0647 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0646\u0634 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0698\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<table class=\"md-element-table\">\n<caption><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">Element Properties<\/span><\/strong><\/caption>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">atomic number<\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">16<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">atomic weight<\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">32.064<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">melting point<\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">rhombic<\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">112.8 \u00b0C (235 \u00b0F)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">monoclinic<\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">119 \u00b0C (246 \u00b0F)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">boiling point<\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">444.6 \u00b0C (832 \u00b0F)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">density (at 20 \u00b0C [68 \u00b0F])<\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">rhombic<\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">2.07 grams\/cm<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">monoclinic<\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">1.96 grams\/cm<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">oxidation states<\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">\u22122, +4, +6<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">electron configuration<\/span><\/strong><\/th>\n<td><strong><span style=\"color: #003300;\">1<em>s<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>2<em>s<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>2<em>p<\/em><sup>6<\/sup>3<em>s<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>3<em>p<\/em><sup>4<\/sup><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"color: #666699;\"><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0632\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c\u0642\u0632\u0627\u0642\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c\u0627\u0632\u0628\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u067e \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #666699;\"><strong>00989133314524<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #666699;\"><strong>Engineer Jalali<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"h1\"><strong>\u00a0History of sulfur<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"topic-paragraph\"><strong>The history of sulfur is part of\u00a0antiquity. The name itself probably found its way into Latin from the language of the\u00a0Oscans, an ancient people who inhabited the region including\u00a0Vesuvius, where sulfur deposits are widespread. Prehistoric humans used sulfur as a pigment for cave painting; one of the first recorded instances of the art of medication is in the use of sulfur as a tonic.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>T<strong>he combustion of sulfur had a role in Egyptian religious ceremonials as early as 4,000 years ago. \u201cFire and brimstone\u201d references in the\u00a0Bible\u00a0are related to sulfur, suggesting that \u201chell\u2019s fires\u201d are fuelled by sulfur. The beginnings of practical and industrial uses of sulfur are\u00a0credited\u00a0to the Egyptians, who used\u00a0sulfur dioxide\u00a0for bleaching\u00a0cotton\u00a0as early as 1600\u00a0<span class=\"text-smallcaps\">BCE<\/span>.\u00a0Greek mythology\u00a0includes sulfur chemistry:\u00a0Homer\u00a0tells of\u00a0Odysseus\u2019 use of sulfur dioxide to fumigate a chamber in which he had slain his wife\u2019s suitors. The use of sulfur in explosives and fire displays dates to about 500\u00a0<span class=\"text-smallcaps\">BCE<\/span>\u00a0in China, and flame-producing agents used in warfare (Greek fire) were prepared with sulfur in the\u00a0Middle Ages.\u00a0Pliny the Elder\u00a0in 50\u00a0<span class=\"text-smallcaps\">CE<\/span>\u00a0reported a number of individual uses of sulfur and ironically was himself killed, in all probability by sulfur fumes, at the time of the great Vesuvius eruption (79\u00a0<span class=\"text-smallcaps\">CE<\/span>). Sulfur was regarded by the\u00a0alchemists\u00a0as the principle of combustibility.\u00a0Antoine Lavoisier\u00a0recognized it as an element in 1777, although it was considered by some to be a\u00a0compound\u00a0of\u00a0hydrogen\u00a0and oxygen; its elemental nature was established by the French chemists\u00a0Joseph Gay-Lussac\u00a0and\u00a0Louis Thenard.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #808000;\"><strong>To buy and order all kinds of sulfur produced in Iran and the countries of the Caspian Sea such as Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Russia, send a message or call to the following number on WhatsApp.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #808000;\"><strong>00989133314524<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #808000;\"><strong>Engineer Jalali<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"rtl\" data-placeholder=\"Translation\" aria-label=\"Translated text\" 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\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af \u0648\u0632\u0648\u0648\u06cc\u0648\u0633 (79 \u067e\u0633 \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062f) \u06a9\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f. \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u06a9\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u062f. \u0622\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0648\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644 1777 \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u06cc\u0635 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0698\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u0698\u0646 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0645\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0648\u06cc \u062c\u0648\u0632\u0641 \u06af\u06cc-\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u06a9 \u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0626\u06cc \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0634\u062f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" data-placeholder=\"Translation\" aria-label=\"Translated text\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjjtL-1nYWHAxWZFRAIHTATBGUQ3ewLegQICxAU\"><span style=\"color: #808000;\"><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0632\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c\u0642\u0632\u0627\u0642\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c\u0627\u0632\u0628\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u067e \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #808000;\"><strong>00989133314524<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #808000;\"><strong>Engineer Jalali<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"h1\">\u00a0Natural occurrence and distribution of sulfur<\/h2>\n<div class=\"assemblies\">\n<div class=\"w-100\">\n<div class=\"md-assembly-wrapper card-media\" data-type=\"image\"><a class=\"gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center media-overlay-link card-media\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/52\/100752-050-784C6A3D\/Pyrite.jpg\" data-href=\"\/media\/1\/572661\/100822\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/52\/100752-050-784C6A3D\/Pyrite.jpg?w=300\" media=\"(min-width: 680px)\" \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.britannica.com\/52\/100752-050-784C6A3D\/Pyrite.jpg?w=300\" data-width=\"1600\" data-height=\"1468\" \/><\/picture><button class=\"magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white\" aria-label=\"Zoom in\"><\/button><\/a><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"md-assembly card print-false\" data-assembly-id=\"100822\" data-asm-type=\"image\">pyrite<\/h2>\n<div class=\"md-assembly-caption mt-5 text-muted font-14 font-serif line-clamp\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"topic-paragraph\"><strong>Many important\u00a0metal\u00a0ores are compounds of sulfur, either\u00a0sulfides\u00a0or\u00a0sulfates. Some important examples are\u00a0galena\u00a0(lead\u00a0sulfide, PbS),\u00a0blende\u00a0(zinc sulfide, ZnS),\u00a0pyrite\u00a0(iron disulfide, FeS<sub>2<\/sub>),\u00a0chalcopyrite\u00a0(copper\u00a0iron\u00a0sulfide, CuFeS<sub>2<\/sub>),\u00a0gypsum\u00a0(calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaSO<sub>4<\/sub>\u22192H<sub>2<\/sub>O) and\u00a0barite\u00a0(barium sulfate, BaSO<sub>4<\/sub>). The sulfide ores are valued chiefly for their metal content, although a process developed in the 18th century for making sulfuric acid utilized sulfur dioxide obtained by burning pyrite. Coal,\u00a0petroleum, and\u00a0natural gas\u00a0contain sulfur compounds.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>To buy and order all kinds of sulfur produced in Iran and the countries of the Caspian Sea such as Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Russia, send a message or call to the following number on WhatsApp.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>00989133314524<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Engineer Jalali<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"rtl\" data-placeholder=\"Translation\" aria-label=\"Translated text\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjjtL-1nYWHAxWZFRAIHTATBGUQ3ewLegQICxAU\"><strong><span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"fa\">\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a. \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0646\u06af\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0632\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0632: \u06af\u0627\u0644\u0646 (\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0628\u060c PbS)\u060c \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0637 (\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0631\u0648\u06cc\u060c ZnS)\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a (\u062f\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0647\u0646\u060c FeS2)\u060c \u06a9\u0627\u0644\u06a9\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a (\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u062f \u0622\u0647\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u060c CuFeS2)\u060c \u06af\u0686 (\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u06a9\u0644\u0633\u06cc\u0645 \u062f\u06cc \u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c CaSO4\u22192H2O) \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062a. \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0645\u060c BaSO4). \u0633\u0646\u06af \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u0645\u062f\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0644\u0632\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u0632\u0634 \u06af\u0630\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u06af\u0631\u0686\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0647\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0647 \u06cc\u0627\u0641\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u06cc \u0627\u06a9\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0631\u062f. \u0632\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u06af\u060c \u0646\u0641\u062a \u0648 \u06af\u0627\u0632 \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u062d\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628\u0627\u062a \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" data-placeholder=\"Translation\" aria-label=\"Translated text\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjjtL-1nYWHAxWZFRAIHTATBGUQ3ewLegQICxAU\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0631\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u06a9\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0632\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u0645\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c\u0642\u0632\u0627\u0642\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u060c\u0627\u0632\u0628\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u067e \u067e\u06cc\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc\u062f <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>00989133314524<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><strong>Engineer Jalali<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Allotropy<\/h3>\n<h4>allotropy<br \/>\n<strong>Orthorhombic sulfur has a ring of eight sulfur atoms at each lattice point. Rhombohedral sulfur has six-membered rings.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>In sulfur, allotropy arises from two sources: (1) the different modes of bonding atoms into a single molecule and (2) packing of polyatomic sulfur molecules into different crystalline and amorphous forms. Some 30 allotropic forms of sulfur have been reported, but some of these probably represent mixtures. Only eight of the 30 seem to be unique; five contain rings of sulfur atoms and the others contain chains.<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"rtl\" data-placeholder=\"Translation\" aria-label=\"Translated text\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjjtL-1nYWHAxWZFRAIHTATBGUQ3ewLegQICxAU\"><strong><span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"fa\">\u0622\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u067e\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0628\u06cc\u06a9 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0634\u062a \u0627\u062a\u0645 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0634\u0628\u06a9\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0632\u06cc \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0634 \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0622\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u067e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f: (1) \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u067e\u06cc\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648 (2) \u0628\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0644\u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0686\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u06cc \u0634\u06a9\u0644. \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 30 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u06a9 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0637\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f. \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0634\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0632 30 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u0646\u062f. \u067e\u0646\u062c \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0642\u06cc\u0647 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0632\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>In the rhombohedral allotrope, designated \u03c1-sulfur, the molecules are composed of rings of six sulfur atoms. This form is prepared by treating sodium thiosulfate with cold, concentrated hydrochloric acid, extracting the residue with toluene, and evaporating the solution to give hexagonal crystals. \u03c1-sulfur is unstable, eventually reverting to orthorhombic sulfur (\u03b1-sulfur).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A second general allotropic class of sulfur is that of the eight-membered ring molecules, three crystalline forms of which have been well characterized. One is the orthorhombic (often improperly called rhombic) form, \u03b1-sulfur. It is stable at temperatures below 96 \u00b0C (204.8 \u00b0F). Another of the crystalline S8 ring allotropes is the monoclinic or \u03b2-form, in which two of the axes of the crystal are perpendicular, but the third forms an oblique angle with the first two. There are still some uncertainties concerning its structure; this modification is stable from 96 \u00b0C to the melting point, 118.9 \u00b0C (246 \u00b0F). A second monoclinic cyclooctasulfur allotrope is the \u03b3-form, unstable at all temperatures, quickly transforming to \u03b1-sulfur.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>An orthorhombic modification, S12 ring molecules, and still another unstable S10 ring allotrope are reported. The latter reverts to polymeric sulfur and S8. At temperatures above 96 \u00b0C (204.8 \u00b0F), the \u03b1-allotrope changes into the \u03b2-allotrope. If enough time is allowed for this transition to occur completely, further heating causes melting to occur at 118.9 \u00b0C (246 \u00b0F); but if the \u03b1-form is heated so rapidly that the transformation to \u03b2-form does not have time to occur, the \u03b1-form melts at 112.8 \u00b0C (235 \u00b0F).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"rtl\" data-placeholder=\"Translation\" aria-label=\"Translated text\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjjtL-1nYWHAxWZFRAIHTATBGUQ3ewLegQICxAU\"><strong><span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"fa\">\u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u067e \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0647\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0645 \u03c1-\u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0644\u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0634\u0634 \u0627\u062a\u0645 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0645 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u06cc\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062f\u06cc\u0645 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062f \u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0631\u0648\u06a9\u0644\u0631\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0648 \u063a\u0644\u06cc\u0638\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0626\u0646 \u0648 \u062a\u0628\u062e\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062c\u0627\u062f \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0634 \u0636\u0644\u0639\u06cc \u062a\u0647\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u03c1-\u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0627\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0628\u06cc\u06a9 (\u03b1-\u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f) \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f. \u062f\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0622\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u067e\u06cc\u06a9 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0644\u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0634\u062a \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0633\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0645\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0628\u06cc\u06a9 (\u0627\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0648\u0632\u06cc \u0646\u0627\u0645\u06cc\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f)\u060c \u03b1-\u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 96 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f (204.8 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a) \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u067e \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u06cc S8 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u06a9\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u06a9 \u06cc\u0627 \u03b2 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0631\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627 \u062f\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648\u0644 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u062f\u0647\u062f. \u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0632 96 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0630\u0648\u0628\u060c 118.9 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f (246 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a) \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u067e cyclooctasulfur monoclinic \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u03b3 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u03b1-\u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u06cc\u06a9 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0644\u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 S12\u060c \u0648 \u06cc\u06a9 \u0622\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u067e \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 S10 \u0646\u0627\u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u06cc\u06af\u0631 \u06af\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0634 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u067e\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0631\u06cc \u0648 S8 \u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u062f\u062f. \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0632 96 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f (204.8 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a)\u060c \u03b1-\u0622\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u067e \u0628\u0647 \u03b2-\u0622\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u067e \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f. \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0627\u0641\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u062f\u060c \u06af\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062b \u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc 118.9 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f (246 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a) \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u06af\u0631 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u03b1 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639 \u06af\u0631\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u03b2 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f\u060c \u0634\u06a9\u0644 \u03b1 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc 8\/112 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc \u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f (235 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a) \u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" data-placeholder=\"Translation\" aria-label=\"Translated text\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjjtL-1nYWHAxWZFRAIHTATBGUQ3ewLegQICxAU\"><strong>Just above its melting point, sulfur is a yellow, transparent, mobile liquid. Upon further heating, the viscosity of the liquid decreases gradually to a minimum at about 157 \u00b0C (314.6 \u00b0F), but then rapidly increases, reaching a maximum value at about 187 \u00b0C (368.6 \u00b0F); between this temperature and the boiling point of 444.6 \u00b0C (832.3 \u00b0F), the viscosity decreases. The colour also changes, deepening from yellow through dark red, and, finally, to black at about 250 \u00b0C (482 \u00b0F). The variations in both colour and viscosity are considered to result from changes in the molecular structure. A decrease in viscosity as temperature increases is typical of liquids, but the increase in the viscosity of sulfur above 157 \u00b0C probably is caused by rupturing of the eight-membered rings of sulfur atoms to form reactive S8 units that join together in long chains containing many thousands of atoms. The liquid then assumes the high viscosity characteristic of such structures. At a sufficiently high temperature, all of the cyclic molecules are broken, and the length of the chains reaches a maximum. Beyond that temperature, the chains break down into small fragments. Upon vaporization, cyclic molecules (S8 and S6) are formed again; at about 900 \u00b0C (1,652 \u00b0F), S2 is the predominant form; finally, monatomic sulfur is formed at temperatures above 1,800 \u00b0C (3,272 \u00b0F).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p id=\"tw-target-text\" class=\"tw-data-text tw-text-large tw-ta\" dir=\"rtl\" data-placeholder=\"Translation\" aria-label=\"Translated text\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwjjtL-1nYWHAxWZFRAIHTATBGUQ3ewLegQICxAU\"><strong><span class=\"Y2IQFc\" lang=\"fa\">\u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0630\u0648\u0628 \u062e\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0632\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0648 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0628\u0627 \u06af\u0631\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0634\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u062c \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 157 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f (314.6 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a) \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u067e\u0633 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0648 \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 187 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f (368.6 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a) \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u062f. \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0634 444.6 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f (832.3 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u062a\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0645\u06cc \u06cc\u0627\u0628\u062f. \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0646\u06cc\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062f \u0648 \u0627\u0632 \u0632\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u062a\u06cc\u0631\u0647 \u0648 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 250 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f (482 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627\u06cc\u062a) \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0631\u0633\u062f. \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0646\u06af \u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u063a\u06cc\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u06a9\u0648\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u062f. \u06a9\u0627\u0647\u0634 \u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0641\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0648\u06cc\u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u062a\u0647 \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc 157 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0627\u0634\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0647\u0634\u062a \u0639\u0636\u0648\u06cc \u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06af\u0648\u06af\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 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